According to Raymond Ibrahim’s article on the subject “Exposed: Islam’s Role in the Transatlantic Slave Trade”, (archived on his website) there were middle men involved who were neither European nor African.

The introduction to the article credits Islam with introducing science to the West. However, I discovered a note in an old Jewish quarterly that suggests that Islam may simply have appropriated geometry, at least, from other sources.
“Under the heading Mathematics the series of articles in the Bibliotheca Mathematica, 1893 seq., by Steinschneider, Mathematik bet den Juden, might be mentioned. Perhaps the most important fact in this connexion is Curtze’s discovery (Adéhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Leipzig, 1902) that the Practica Geometriae of Leonardo Pisano, considered the main source for the introduction of Arabic geometry into Europe, is based entirely on the Latin translation of the Hebrew geometry of Abraham Bar Hiyya. The original of the latter has been published by M. Guttmann (Berlin, 1912-3).” p.533 jewishquarterlyr10drop
If you put jewishquarterlyr10drop into the archive.org browser, you will get the scan of the original journal.

Oh God, not her again.

Only you could call the Constitution/Bill of Rights ideology. I’ve always thought of the Constitution as a framework for government. That’s why the guy who wrote it and those that debated it are called the framers.

You are not even close to believing what the Constitution says. You have always hated the document, it’s intent and the founders. You seem to believe we are always on the verge of some Christian theocracy.

I wonder which “facts of reality” you have observed through your little philosophy.

Everyone that I know has used all of those mathematical disciplines without relying on quack philosophy. In fact no one I know has ever heard of rational selfishness or Binswanky.

But you seem really angry today. Take a valium. Note: It’s Saturday and it’s still not working out for you is it?

Ignorance is Bliss and Knowledge is Power.

Evangelical Christian leaders all over the world,who represent 500 million followers, by their actions,have made Christianity lose all moral authority. They NEVER protest human rights violations by the US government.

Jesus said, in MATTHEW 5:13-16 :” “You are the SALT of the earth. But if the salt loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again?

It is no longer good for anything, except to be thrown out and trampled underfoot.

You are the LIGHT of the world. A town built on a hill cannot be hidden. Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a bowl. Instead they put it on its stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house.

In the same way, let your light shine before others, that they may see your good deeds and glorify your Father in heaven.”

1.During the civil war in SALVADOR 65,000 civilians were killed. Virtually all by the sadists and psycopaths of the DEATH SQUADS. In the name of battling Communism.

Who gave them money and arms?

The CIA of the US. No protest from Evangelicals.

2.During the civil war in GUATEMALA 200,000 to 250,000 MAYA Indians were killed by death squads of the Guatemalan military dictatorships. They were civilians, unarmed men,women and children. In the name of fighting Communism.

Who gave them money and arms?

The CIA of the US. No protest from Evangelicals.

I don’t care that much to turn dreary monotony into a debate. Got better things to do. And I have no personal need to be right. Just effective.

“Men can learn from one another, but learning requires a process of thought on the part of every individual student. Men can cooperate in the discovery of new knowledge, but such cooperation requires the independent exercise of his rational faculty by every individual scientist. Man is the only living species that can transmit and expand his store of knowledge from generation to generation; but such transmission requires a process of thought on the part of the individual recipients.” – Ayn Rand

First of all, if you’re going to smear Objectivism as “pseudo-intellectual” you need to provide a legitimate, rational, and objective argument to prove your smear. Please provide your argument.

Secondly, the American Constitution and the Bill of Rights constitute an ideology, do you agree with that ideology? Do you agree with the Constitution and the Bill of Rights? If you do, does that mean you are thinking with someone else’s ideology and not really thinking? No, it does not. It should mean that you have thought about the ideas of Jefferson and Madison and you have found that those ideas are TRUE, therefore you agree with their ideas.

Do you use arithmetic? Do you use geometry or basic algebra at any time in your life? Did you originate those mathematical ideas? No, you did not. But does that mean that you are not really thinking because you do percentages or long division, mathematical formulas, that were not developed by you? No, it does not.

On the contrary, even though you did not invent arithmetic, you use arithmetic because you have done your thinking, and your thinking has proven to you that arithmetic, or Euclid’s geometry, is true and corresponds to the facts of reality.

Objectivism, as I have found out by observation and THINKING for myself, corresponds to, is consonant with, the facts of reality.

Evangelical Christians are the only ones who are missionary.Who write books,make videos defending the Bible.

1. In MATTHEW 22:37-40, when Jesus was asked what the greatest commandment of the Law he said,“‘You must love the Lord your God with your whole heart and with your whole soul and with your whole MIND.

This is the greatest and first commandment.’”

2. He also said to his followers,”Behold I send you as Sheep among WOLVES (like the CIA), be as Sly as Serpents and as Innocent as Doves” (Be good but not stupid)

3. Ignorance is Bliss.Knowledge is Power.

Evangelical Christians,due to their lack of curiosity,pathological in fact, never learn to what an extent the CIA
manipulates them. NO Evangelical leader,not even FRANKLIN GRAHAM,son of Billy Graham, has defended JULIAN ASSANGE. In 2017 Wikileaks released thousands of documents that showed:

1. The CIA created a system that enables it to SPY on you via your SMART TV ( traditional television set with integrated Internet and interactive Web features that allow users to stream music and videos, browse the internet, and view photos).

Even if you have your Smart TV turned OFF. Yes,thank Assange for that info, Any compassion from Franklin Graham for a man,Assange,who had spent 5 YEARS

in SOLITARY confinement in the UK? None.

2. In 2017 Wikileaks released the procedure,the method used by the CIA to:

a. HACK into an organization,company and leave TRACES,links,little evidence here and there that are FAKE traces. Those traces and links are linked to say the RUSSIAN or CHINESE or IRANIAN or X government.

It is called the CIA’s VAULT 7 system,the holy of holies, the Holy Grail.

So Evangelicals are fooled and say,Yes,let’s go to war against Russia,China,Iran.

3.Remember RUSSIAGATE? That there were traces,evidence that linked Trump to PUTIN. Putin helped Trump win in 2016. He has to be IMPEACHED, out of power.

The CIA and others used Vault 7 but since they were exposed by Wikileaks then it was shown Russiagate was a FALSE FLAG. Any thanks from any Evangelical leaders to Assange,any campaign to free him by them? Never.

4. It is more than probable that the Globalist CIA shared Vault 7 with ISRAEL, so when you head from Mossad that yes, here are the links,traces,evidence from our hackers that

IRAN,etc is behind this and that, and we have to bomb them, then you have to be skeptical.

Well, it’s not the Ayn Rand tedium, anyway, But still the same pseudo-intellectual objectivism. Fanaticism, after awhile, is just boring. Thinking with someone else’s ideology isn’t really thinking as far as I can see.